describe the narrator and his purpose in the general prologue

He may nat wepe al-thogh hym soore smerte. Poem Analysis, https://poemanalysis.com/geoffrey-chaucer/the-canterbury-tales-general-prologue/. In lyste thries, and ay slayn his foo. He had the independence of choice that he changed his midday meal and supper depending on the season. Ful weel she soong the service dyvyne, And forth we riden, a litel moore than paas, His appearance scared the children away. (The nobility, not represented in the General Prologue, traditionally derives its title and privileges from military duties and service, so it is considered part of the military estate.). He had bright eyes and looked well suited to his atmosphere. And whan that he wel dronken hadde the wyn, A not-heed hadde he, with a broun visge. That night, the group slept at the Tabard, and woke up early the next morning to set off on their journey. But soore wepte she if oon of hem were deed, After the scole of Stratford atte Bowe, In line 20, the narrator abandons his unfocused, all-knowing point of view, identifying himself as an actual person for the first time by inserting the first personIas he relates how he met the group of pilgrims while staying at the Tabard Inn. The narrator's nave stance introduces many different ironies into the General Prologue. In this concluding part of the prologue, Chaucer further explains how the Inn Keeper joined them on the journey. It is through you visiting Poem Analysis that we are able to contribute to charity. Thus, the prologue acts as a precursor, an introduction for what the future narrative will be about and also gives us the platform to get acquainted with them before they all start narrating their stories one by one. In Southwerk, at this gentil hostelrye To ride by the weye doumb as a stoon; Somwhat he lipsed for his wantownesse, And that was seyd in forme and reverence, A gentil Maunciple was ther of a temple, General Prologue: The Knight through the Man of Law. And evere he rood the hyndreste of oure route. He then shifts into the first-person plural, referring to the pilgrims as we beginning in line 29, asserting his status as a member of the group. For sawcefleem he was, with eyen narwe. Their belts and their purses showed that they could be esteemed as solid citizens and occupy the dais in a city hall. Wel koude he fortunen the ascendent If even-song and morwe-song accorde, The Prioresss character too ironically represented in contrast to the general expectation of a prioresss attitudes and nature. But rather wolde he yeven, out of doute, And for to festne his hood under his chyn And he had many partridges in pens and bream and pike in his fish pond. At ones in this herberwe as is now. A Good Wif was ther of biside Bathe, A bettre felawe sholde men noght fynde. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. Anon he yaf the sike man his boote. With ful glad herte, and preyden hym also Ther wiste no wight that he was in dette, Further, he offered to listen to the story and be a moderator and an unbiased judge for their stories. A twelf month, and excuse hym atte fulle; But al with riche and selleres of vitaille. https://poemanalysis.com/geoffrey-chaucer/the-canterbury-tales-general-prologue/, Poems covered in the Educational Syllabus. She leet no morsel from hir lippes falle, And thereto hadde he riden, no man ferre, Wel koude he dresse his takel yemanly; What does this reveal about the perspective of the narrator? While they were a few paces away from the Inn, the host reminds them of their agreement. It snewed in his hous of mete and drynke, And plesaunt was his absolucioun. Read more historical context about pilgrimages. Ful many a draughte of wyn hadde he y-drawe Lat Austyn have his swynk to him reserved. Pleasantly he heard confessions and pronounced absolutions. He wolde the see were kept for any thing The Monk was a leader in fashions. (5) This pardoner had hair as yellow as wax, But lank it hung as does a strike of flax; In wisps hung down such locks as he'd on head, And with them he his shoulders overspread; But thin they dropped, and stringy . Shal have a soper at oure aller cost, That Seinte Peter hadde, whan that he wente Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. He made the person and the peple his apes. Whoso shal telle a tale after a man, In hope to stonden in his lady grace. This invocation to spring acts as an introduction to the whole narrativ e. The narrator also focuses on the season, thus, giving the opening as a dreamy, calm, and timeless, something to look forward to. His eyen twynkled in his heed aryght To riden out, he loved chivalrie, A manly man, to been an abbot able. With many a tempest hadde his berd been shake. Of yeddynges he baar outrely the pris. His purchasyng myghte nat been infect. For he was Epicurus owene sone, Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! You can view our. He moot as wel seye o word as another. Then, the character becomes another narrator in telling his/her tale. And ful plesunt and amyable of port, The first lines situate the story in a particular time and place, but the speaker does this in cosmic and cyclical terms, celebrating the vitality and richness of spring. The narrator makes it quite clear that he is also a character in his book. Than that the person gat in monthes tweye; Hoold up youre hond, withouten moore speche.. for a customized plan. That he ne knew his sleighte and his covyne; The narrator opens the General Prologue with a description of the return of spring. Averrois, Damascien, and Constantyn, Yet wolde he have a ferthyng er he wente: Along with them rode a Doctour of Phisik (doctor of medicine), who had no match for him in medicine and surgery. Me thynketh it acordaunt to resoun For catel hadde they ynogh and rente, ENG326 Chaucer General Prologue for the Canterbury Tales Rough Notes -The narrator opens the General Prologue with a description of the return of spring. And sikerly she was of greet desport, What is the resolution? Pilgrims traveled to visit the remains of Saint Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, who was murdered in 1170 by knights of King Henry II. Lyvynge in pees and parfit charitee. On her arm, she wore a coral trinket, a set of beads, and upon it hung a golden brooch with a crowned A engraved upon it along with a Latin phrase Amor vincit omnia. They go across countries looking for far off saints on strange shores. Tales of best sentence and moost solaas, Once he gets a clue of the sickness he provides the remedy instantaneously. And if ye vouche-sauf that it be so, Point of View: What is the effect of having the story told by yet again, another unnamed young male? It is nat honest, it may nat avaunce Since Chaucer filters all of the action that occurs through his by turns credulous and satirical narrative voice, we learn the most about his character from the way he describes other pilgrims. Al have I nat set folk in hir degree His wonyng was ful fair upon an heeth; In The Canterbury Tales: General Prologue Chaucer uses symbols to represent his view on the period and the social condition. It seems that he had been a judge in the court of assizes by royal appointment, for his knowledge and reputation. Wel koude he rede a lessoun or a storie, The irony is also employed in the portrait of the Friar, especially when Chaucer addresses him as: He was a noble pillar of his order when he is mercenary focusing only on money. He was a lord ful fat and in good poynt; Ignoring all those words of the saints he preferred to be a hard rider, even though he is a monk. Ful wel biloved and famulier was he Bret-ful of pardoun, comen from Rome al hoot. That swich a lewed mannes wit shal pace Gat-tothed was she, soothly for to seye. Biside a toun men clepen Baldeswelle. Therfore he lovede gold in special. In love-dayes ther koude he muchel helpe, A Sergeant of the Lawe, war and wys, Old Ypocras, Haly, and Galyen, How shal the world be served? His nekke whit was as the flour-de-lys; Upon his arms, he bore a saucy brace to ward it from the bowstrings. Of his complexioun he was sangwyn. The cause y-knowe, and of his harm the roote, The poet promises to begin his journey along with them the next morning. His table dormant in his halle alway For ech of hem made oother for to wynne, Similar to his father (knight), he was courteous, humble, and serviceable, and carved to serve his father at the table. But with thise relikes, whan that he fond The Knight is represented as a distinguished man, for he has followed chivalry, truth, honor freedom, and courtesy. Whan that we hadde maad our rekenynges; It was, therefore, very popular in fourteenth-century England, as the narrator mentions. And of our tales juge and rportour, Ful riche he was a-stored pryvely. At mortal batailles hadde he been fiftene, He characterizes the pilgrims, starting from the Knight, and also introduces their social status and professions. And evermoore he hadde a sovereyn prys. He had been a part of many wars and expeditions at places like Algezir, Belmarye (Benamarin), Lyeys (Ayas), and Satalye (Attalia). The yonge girles of the diocise, Trouthe and honur, fredom and curteisie. So priketh hem Natre in hir corages, For it was of no superfluitee, To sitten in a yeldehalle, on a deys. Ther as this lord was kepere of the celle. He had a few relics with him and by exhibiting them to poor parsons he earned more money than he could receive in two months. She had been a worthy woman all her life. A peire of bedes, gauded al with grene, Upon a day he gat hym moore moneye Chaucer says she is a good woman who had Housbondes at Chirche dore she hadde five.. Lat se now who shal telle the firste tale. Ful redy hadde he his apothecaries And of a myrthe I am right now bythoght, For his science and for his heigh renoun, For she koude of that art the olde daunce. A trewe swynkere and a good was he, His hospitality is well known for his house is stocked with wine and never short of baked pies, or fish, or meat. No wonder is, he herde it al the day; Chaucer begins his description of the characters with the Knight in stanzas four to six of The Canterbury Tales: General Prologue. In termes hadde he caas and doomes alle The narrator begins his character portraits with the Knight. At wrastlynge he wolde have alwey the ram. This invocation to spring acts as an introduction to the whole narrative. Nevertheless, since he had some more time to spare, the poet decides to describe the characters he met that day before he commences his journey. Clad in a tabard smoke he rode on a mare. The Merchants forked beard could be taken as a symbol of his duplicity as Chaucer hints. He was nat pale, as a forpyned goost: Worthy to been stywardes of rente and lond He set a noble example to his parishioners for he was a man to act first before speaking. on 50-99 accounts. Al was fee symple to hym in effect; His boots were fairly and neatly buckled. Chaucer opens the Prologue with a description of spring. He seyde, Syn I shal bigynne the game, He was a verray, parfit praktisour; And elles certeyn were they to blame. And I wol erly shape me therfore.. . To speak of his character he was benign, diligent, and full patient in adversity. Whit was his berd as is the dayesye; He knew alle the havenes, as they were, And poudre-marchant tart, and galyngale. Or breke it at a rennyng with his heed. A swerd and a bokeler bar he by his syde. Bifil that in that seson on a day, Historical Context. He hadde maad ful many a mariage A good felawe to have his concubyn Curteis he was, lowely and servysble, Like his father, he too bore a remarkable appearance with agility and strength through moderate in height. Of remedies of love she knew per chaunc, Ther nas no dore that he nolde heve of harre, That if gold ruste, what shal iren doo? The narrator sarcastically portrays the Prioress as a wimp, squealing every time she sees a dead mouse. Upon a book in cloystre alwey to poure, He had been out once with cavalry and conducted himself valiantly in Flaundres (Flanders), in Artoys (Artios), and Pycar dye (Picardy). This knight has once been with the lord of Palatia against Turkey. Ne was ther swich another pardoner; Also I prey yow to foryeve it me, Many devout English pilgrims set off to visit shrines in distant holy lands, but even more choose to travel to Canterbury to visit the relics of Saint Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral, where they thank the martyr for having helped them when they were in need. And there oure Hoost bigan his hors areste, And after wol I telle of our viage He was entrusted with all of his Lords belonging. Tukked he was as is a frere, aboute. He positions himself as a mediator between two groups: the group of pilgrims, of which he was a member, and us, the audience, whom the narrator explicitly addresses as you in lines 34 and 38. Fro Burdeux-ward, whil that the chapman sleep. Around this time of year, the narrator says, people begin to feel the desire to go on a pilgrimage. Also, he knew many other tricks to have his way. A Cristophere on his brest of silver sheene. This worthy man ful wel his wit bisette; He nevere yet no vileynye ne sayde, A large man he was with eyen stepe, He moste preche, and wel affile his tonge It serves as a framework for the poem and depicts the life of Renaissance England. His dining table was made all through the day to serve anyone on call. He was a merry man thus entertained the guests after supper. Unto his ordre he was a noble post. To lyven in delit was evere his wone, A lymytour, a ful solmpne man. For aught I woot he was of Dertemouthe. But thynne it lay, by colpons, oon and oon; He koude bettre than his lord purchace; His palfrey was as broun as is a berye. He was a janglere and a goliardeys, His arwes drouped noght with fetheres lowe And served us with vitaille at the beste: He wolde thresshe, and therto dyke and delve, Ful thredbare was his overeste courtepy; And yet he was but esy of dispence; Heere in this place, sittynge by this post, He was a gentil harlot and a kynde; The hoote somer hadde maad his hewe al broun; He had a round cake set upon which he intended as a shield. In the name of her compassion, she also spoils her little pet dogs. The pilgrimage in The Canterbury Tales should not be thought of as an entirely solemn occasion, because it also offered the pilgrims an opportunity to abandon work and take a vacation. Why do the characters tell stories in The Canterbury Tales? Sownynge in moral vertu was his speche; Of his offrng and eek of his substaunce; Boold of his speche, and wys, and well y-taught, Ne maked him a spiced conscience; And wel we weren esed atte beste. The cook seems to be an expert in cooking for he knew how to distinguish the London ale by flavor. And wente for to doon his pilgrymage. Ne oynement that wolde clense and byte, The Black Struggle Of Mental Illness In Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man 1269 Words | 6 Pages. But Cristes loore and his apostles twelve Y-lyk a staf, ther was no calf y-sene. Tel me anon, withouten wordes mo, To make his Englissh sweete upon his tonge; Of his statre he was of evene lengthe, He followed the modern spacious way and never regarded the text that says hunters are not holy men or that a monk who spends his time outside the cloister is like a fish out of water. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% Christ spoke out plainly in the Holy Scriptures, and there is no way to reproach it. He leads a life of delight, as Chaucer comments he was a son of Epicurus, an ancient Greek philosopher, and sage who founded Epicureanism. And therwithal he broghte us out of towne. In Gernade at the seege eek hadde he be He hadde a croys of latoun, ful of stones, The first symbol is the springtime. In her appearance, she looked elegant with fine features: grey eyes, elegant nose, small but soft and red lips. He also wore a simple dressing. Withouten oother compaignye in youthe; In great description, the narrator describes the dinner-table manners of the Prioress as being impressive and well mannered in which, no food fell from her mouth, she did not dip her fingers in sauce, and she wiped her upper lip. For he hadde geten hym yet no benefice, And over-al, ther as profit sholde arise, on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% The initial headnote vignette complements the main illustration, "A . On their company, Chaucer had a Frankeleyn (franklin) who had a beard as white as a lily and he is a humorous man. Everich a word, if it be in his charge, Take the General Prologue: Introduction Quick Quiz, Read a translation of the General Prologue, By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. A Knyght ther was, and that a worthy man, And after soper pleyen he bigan, Further, he plans to pick a lot on the names of the passengers. Algate he wayted so in his achaat And have a mantel roialliche y-bore. The sothe is this, the cut fil to the Knyght, As brood as is a bokeler or a targe; Of any lord that is in Engelond, And certeinly he hadde a murye note: And eek as loude, as dooth the chapel belle, And homward he shal tellen othere two, And carf biforn his fader at the table. That slepen al the nyght with open ye, In this viage, shal telle tales tweye, Juste and eek daunce, and weel purtreye and write. A Yeman hadde he and servntz namo After the sondry sesons of the yeer; Nor of the knobbes sittynge on his chekes. 253-81). Or swynken with his handes and labure, Chaucer makes a comment that they both earn from the others guile. He would thrash his corn and helped the poor if it was in his power. Loudly he sang "Come hither, love, to me,". Blank verse is a kind of poetry that is written in unrhymed lines but with a regular metrical pattern. A vernycle hadde he sowed upon his cappe. Of smal coral aboute hire arm she bar Of Engelond, to Caunterbury they wende, On his head, he had a Flemish beaver hat. For, if he yaf, he dorste make avaunt Though she is a nun, she seems to have a special zest for courtesy and tried to present herself of high stature. And with that note, he started to speak of the host who cordially welcomed him and all the guests of the day. The wordes moote be cosyn to the dede.. And thanne his neighebor right as hymselve. A Maunciple, and myself,ther were namo. Of alle deyntees that men koude thynke, They all were clothed in livery of solemn and a great parish guild. The Millere was a stout carl for the nones; His barge y-cleped was the Maudelayne. Noght o word spak he moore than was neede; A love-knotte in the gretter ende ther was. In the General Prologue, the narrator presents himself as a gregarious and nave character. Chaucer wrote his poem in rhyming couplets with every two lines rhyming with each other. Along with the summoner came a pardoner from Rouncivale, his friend and comrade. But for to tellen yow of his array, Why are the characters in The Canterbury Tales going on a pilgrimage to Canterbury? His name as Chaucer said is Hubrd. But dwelte at hoom and kepte wel his folde, On which ther was first write a crowned A, And many a breem and many a luce in stuwe. Whan that we come agayn fro Caunterbury. And leet his sheep encombred in the myre, Swiche glarynge eyen hadde he as an hare. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. By patente, and by pleyn commissioun. Grehoundes he hadde, as swift as fowel in flight; He taught the doctrine of Christ and his disciples, at the same time followed what he preached. To speke of phisik and of surgerye; He was a wrangler and buffoon and that was worst of sin and lewdness. Ther nas noon swich from Hulle to Cartage. This nonfiction, hard-back paper book portrayed women's roles . He bore a fresh appearance by singing or fluting all the time, like the fresh flowers of May. Strong was the wyn and wel to drynke us leste. The knight brought along with him a yeoman, and in the stanza, eight Chaucer speaks of him. He koude songes make and wel endite, And thus with feyned flaterye and japes Ther was also a Nonne, a Prioresse, They were adrad of hym as of the deeth. Eek Plato seith, whoso kan hym rede, Before the individual tales begin, the Prologue introduces and describes each of the pilgrims, including Chaucer's fictional characterization of himself, who narrates the material between stories . With rosted flessh, or milk and wastel breed; In Southwerk at the Tabard as I lay, For he hadde power of confessioun, Yet hadde he but litel gold in cofre; His purchas was wel bettre than his rente. Of nyce conscience took he no keep. And Frenssh she spak ful faire and fetisly, He wolde techen him to have noon awe, But thilke text heeld he nat worth an oystre; The summoner joining with a burden round; Was never horn of half so great a sound. As Austyn bit? My wit is short, ye may wel understonde. The narrator falls in with a group of pilgrims, and the largest part of the prologue is taken up by a description of them; Chaucer seeks to describe their 'condition', their 'array', and their social 'degree'. He loved garlic, onions, and leek. The Middle English text is from Larry D. He was short shouldered and broad-chested. Lordynges, quod he, now herkneth for the beste; Geoffrey Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" is a collection of stories that are told by the pilgrims on their way to the pilgrimage to Canterbury. To seken hym a chaunterie for soules, And whoso wole my juggement withseye Further, he knew how to draw up legal documents that enabled him to be free from flaws in his writing. By his clennesse how that his sheep sholde lyve. Of woodecraft wel koude he al the usge. And seyde thus: Now, lordynges, trewely, He kepte that he wan in pestilence. The reule of seint Maure or of seint Beneit, Also, he preferred his wines as red as blood. He forms a company of pilgrims representing the entire range of English Society of the fourteenth century. His lordes sheep, his neet, his dayerye, Even his sleeves were furnished with the finest fur in the land. Chaucer slyly agrees, calling books boring and useless. He has dissuaded many people from being worried about excommunicated from society. For it was trussed up in his walt. He describes the April rains, the burgeoning flowers and leaves, and the chirping birds. Kaught in a trappe, if it were deed or bledde. 'The Canterbury Tales: General Prologue ' is an interesting work of art by Geoffrey Chaucer, popularly known as the father of English poetry. In Lettow hadde he reysed and in Ruce, He was the beste beggere in his hous; But now is tyme to yow for to telle The Reve was a sclendre colerik man. Sire Knyght, quod he, my mayster and my lord Every single person that visits Poem Analysis has helped contribute, so thank you for your support. How that we baren us that ilke nyght, There was this good-natured Maunciple (Manciple) of the Inner Temple (law school) who also rode with them. They're all totally different from each other; they've got very different personalities. Unto the wateryng of Seint Thomas; An horn he bar, the bawdryk was of grene. The yeoman wore a coat and a hood of green. For to be wise in byynge of vitaille; Certainly, Chaucer sees him as a worthy man, but he wonders what would be the reaction of other people. Also during the years 1340 1369 England was at war with Scotland and France. And knew hir conseil, and was al hir reed. Ful worthy was he in his lordes werre, Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote, The lawyer seemed to have visited St, Pauls often where the lawyers generally gather. Thestaat, tharray, the nombre, and eek the cause For, he made good bargains to get his own gains. Ful semyly hir wympul pynched was; The people of England from all corners come down to Canterbury to seek the holy martyr, St. Thomas, the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 to 1170. That streight was comen fro the court of Rome. Harneised wel and sharp as point of spere; Also, he had many horses in his stables. Entuned in hir nose ful semely; Were it by ventre, or sort, or cas, He knew the tavernes wel in every toun, His stremes, and his daungers hym bisides, Were it of hoot, or cold, or moyste, or drye, Also, he had hounds as swift as birds. To Caunterbury with ful devout corage, He was a true and good worker, living in peace and perfect charity. Thus, he earned his income much more than his regular wages. That stemed as a forneys of a leed; Renews March 7, 2023 Thanne hadde he spent al his philosophie; Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. And this figure he added eek therto, That of hir smylyng was ful symple and coy; Than wolde he speke no word but Latyn. As greet as it were for an ale-stake; Before continuing the tale, the narrator declares his intent to list and describe each of the members of the group. Chaucer concludes his description with the note that Was nowher swich a worthy vavasour no one could find such a worthy landowner as him anywhere. With hym ther was his sone, a yong Squir, Was shaply for to been an alderman; And by his syde a swerd and a bokeler, The travelers were a diverse group who, like the narrator, were on their way to Canterbury. It was evident that he spent more on study than on anything. Subscribe now. His love is worldly pleasures-expensive clothes, and food. That hadde y-lad of dong ful many a fother; Sometimes Chaucer seems like an innocent puppy, eager to think well of everyone and everything. But sikerly she hadde a fair forheed; But taak it nought, I prey yow, in desdeyn; Discreet he was, and of greet reverence That on a Sonday weren upon hir heed. Chaucer modeled this after Boccaccios Decameron but added more insight to the work by his genuine humor and humanism. For in his purs he sholde y-punysshed be: But riche he was of hooly thoght and werk. Her skills in cloth making had surpassed many cloth-makers of Ypres and Ghent. For more information on the characters, read our in-depth look into each character fromThe Canterbury Tales: Chaucer explores various social conditions of his period and the manners of people in The Canterbury Tales: General Prologue. He taughte, but first he folwed it hymselve. A Monk ther was, a fair for the maistrie, She wore a brooch in her hand with the inscription Love conquers all in Latin. A Somnour and a Pardoner also, Also, the excessive floral design in the Squires clothe represents his vanity of youth. But al be that he was a philosophre, Following his description of the knight and his companions in lines 119, Chaucer now turns his direction towards ecclesiastical characters. The Pardoner's Introduction, Prologue, and Tale, The Nun's Priest's Prologue, Tale, and Epilogue, Geoffrey Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales Background, Read more about the symbolism of springtime in. The role of Chaucer in the Canterbury Tales is extremely important. The Guildsmen brought along with them a cook to help them out in boiling the chicken with marrow-bones and spices. Moreover, he presided as lord and sire at court sessions also had been the Member of Parliament many times. That in hir coppe ther was no ferthyng sene Wel nyne and twenty in a compaignye There as he wiste to have a good pitaunce; Of twenty yeer of age he was, I gesse. You'll also receive an email with the link. Dont have an account? To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes; In the first stanza of The Canterbury Tales: General Prologue, Chaucer gives a beautiful description of April, the spring that has inspired a universal feeling. Which that, he seyde, was Oure Lady veyl; Wel oghte a preest ensample for to yive And in his harpyng, whan that he hadde songe, The Loss of the Diamond (1848)." P. 5. At nyght were come into that hostelrye Now certeinly he was a fair prelaat. The narrator also focuses on the season, thus, giving the opening as a dreamy, calm, and timeless, something to look forward to. So estatly was he of his gouvernaunce, Describe the narrative voice of "The General Prologue." 2. That seith that hunters ben nat hooly men, All his apothecaries were aware of the medicine that he would suggest that they are ready always with the medicine. Thogh that I pleynly speke in this mateere, The narrator opens the General Prologue with a description of the return of spring. Wel koude he in eschaunge sheeldes selle. . The opening lines of the General Prologue are one of the most powerful and evocative pieces of writing about spring in all of English literature, from its first reference to the rejuvenating qualities of April showers through to the zodiacal allusions to Aries (the Ram). Curteis he was and lowely of servyse. Ther nas no man nowher so vertuous. Ye been to me right welcome, hertely; Of hem that yaf hym wher-with to scoleye. The clergy is represented by the Prioress (and her nun and three priests), the Monk, the Friar, and the Parson. He was an esy man to yeve penaunce I trowe he were a geldyng or a mare.

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